Australian Prudential Regulation Authority

Question: Examine about the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority. Answer: Presentation In contrast with different nations or different businesses, Australia has proficient fundamental varieties to its money related and financial framework in new periods. TheAustralianmonetary organizationcontains of the arrangements spread the suitable taking cash and loaning of assets and the transmission of ownership of financial rights in Australia which comprises of the subsidiary business places, protection, banks, credit associations, obligation and value advertise. The reasonable outcome has been a modification in the Australian business and business association from a relatively bolted, dull get together during the 1950s and 1960s, in light of on authentic bank association, to an increasingly uncovered and unassuming association and are offering or giving different sorts of administrations or contributions in correlation with some other enterprises. The budgetary or the money related framework is being driven by the powers of the reasonable or the market which is exclusively su bject to the economy of the market and what the market needs. A methodology comparable to that comprehended in Australia has stayed trial and extensively thought in the United States underneath the general inscription the weakening in outdate speculation and banking. In the midst of the combination of motivations on financial segment extension, three boss administrations can be colored. The first can be said as the piece of money related controlling system, to a critical degree, shaped the extensive propensities in bunches commercial center offers in new periods. There were numerous advancement in the framework because of dynamic innovation and because of this plunging the cost of numerous information situated fiscal doings and furthermore new items and exercises are accessible. Framework assets more than folded as a connection to GDP among the 1960s and 1990s, with plenteous of that advancement happening in the moment post-deregulation retro in the extra 50% of the 1980s.A signific ant piece of the fiscal framework, and generally analyzed away, was the acknowledgment prosperous which shadowed money related deregulation. This peculiarity, and its correspondence with financial advances during the 1980s, endorsed to improvement of the fiscal portion in a measure of techniques. Impact inside the Australian business part has customarily been pretty much nothing, and this leftovers the condition notwithstanding a significant flood in corporate duplicating in the late 1980s. The obligation to value proportion is relatively same with contrasted with different nations like United States, Japan and different nations. Till the 1950s, money related intermediation was for the most part indistinguishable with venture and banking. We can likewise observe that, until the 1950s, financial intermediation was primarily indistinguishable with banking. Money business was generally an okay proposition appeared at controlled qualities and expenses.. Thecommercial exchange or otherwise called financial business inAustraliacontains of various banks affirmed and qualified to carry on venture and banking business under theBanking Act 1959, inaccessible banks endorsed to work through a development in Australia. While discussion of the forthcoming development of the speculation or the financial business was to a huge degree theoretical, the Group was keen on clarifications that a few patrons in the business foreseen a significant and a huge charge sooner rather than later. In inconsistency of the logical of these developments, banks have their imprint progressively on the mushrooming retirement and assets the execu tives region as a potential long haul balance to these compressions and weights. We can say for instance approx. $40 billion, or 15 percent of retirement assets or properties are by and by held as bank protections or credits with financial foundations, a pivotal measure of these associations responsibility base. The banks without a doubt realize that there are remunerations and points of interest to be expanded from joining and joining their association part with reserves the board exercises, and have tied for installment of increasingly through cooperation in retirement time, and as of late there has been by and large presentation of ventures or assets in over the counter. Thebanking area inAustraliacontains of various banks endorsed and qualified to carry on venture and banking business under theBanking Act 1959, far off banks authorized to work through a region in Australia, and Australian-fused outside bank organizations. Different associations like common assets, credit associations give banking offices. Authoritatively, there is across the board and itemized guideline of Australia's financial framework, split generally between theAustralian Prudential Regulation Authority(APRA) andAustralian Securities and Investments Commission(ASICAustralia Reserve bank plays a huge support. However, in reiteration, Australian banks are independent and are directed without anyone else through External Dispute Resolution (EDR) game plans, the most protuberant is theFinancial Ombudsman Service (Australia)(FOS). The ASIC is answerable for the respectability and the flourishing of the monetary associations. The quick development of banks' national fiscal summaries w hich have full-developed at a customary yearly pace of 13percent in the mean time from 1985 and both the interest and gracefully factors and presentation are presented. Presently there are 53 banks which are working in Australia, and in those 54, 14 are claimed by the nation. In totalling to the four significant banks, there is an assortment of five Australian-claimed banks sporadically meant to as the regionals, shimmering their imaginative accentuation for the most part on the retail division. The Banking framework or techniques for Australia in the history was one of decided nation for lawfulness, not all that prosperous, broken and open sharpness. With the progression of recent years, every one of the four primary Australian banks, while obeying with the continuously extreme supplies of controlling figures, affirmed at any rate one fundamental money related blooper. An irregular disentanglement of confinements on remote bank affirmation in the mid-1980s, and the extra uncovered arrangement of passage acknowledged in the mid 1990s, saw the abroad bank participation increment, to a limited extent at the consumption of the trade areas of bank The financial association has truly attempted to make extraordinary progress additional time. Three primary organization examinations concerning banking were appeared in Australia somewhere in the range of 1981 and 1996. It gave legality for both the organizations and the banks; for organizations since the very foundation of an examination built up a commitment to answerability and network fixation questions. Banks are likewise point to obligations under theAnti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorism Financing Act 2006as detailing elements. Until the 1980s, acknowledgment associations and development social orders delivered stoutly, to a great extent since they were dependent upon rarer rules than banks in 1985, there were 60 structure social orders and 400 credit associations compelling in Australia. Banks stood up to slight unassuming largeness from different associations, where quick improvement had not begun at this point, and the association was not presented to remote bank entrance or to seaward interchanges. Banks experienced an all-inclusive time of declining piece of the overall industry during the 1960s and 1970s, when comparable preferences were made by non-bank financial middle people, especially development social orders, financial matters enterprises, business banks. An enormous measure of extensive development of non-bank financial associations (NBFIs) not joined to the national venture region. In a portion of the cases, these associations were controlled by inaccessible banks that necessary a fiscal participation in Australia however were precluded from establishing an appropriate and recommended commericialprocess by the genuine suspension on new remote financial foundations before 1985. An irregular rearrangements of impediments on outside bank affirmation in the mid-1980s, and the extra uncovered arrangement of passage acknowledged in the mid 1990s, saw the abroad bank participation increment, to some extent at the use of the commercial divisions of bank. Two abroad associations worked uninterruptedly as authentic banks in Australia in the post-war period preceding 1985.17 The nonappearance of a more extensive abroad financial participation recreated the suspension on removed bank passage, thought heretofore. The presence of a far off bank nearness in Australia in the nonappearance of authentic outside banks implies what, with retrospection, appears to give the novel technique to the significance of banks and non-banks inside the Banking Act 1959. The experience of having the abroad or the outside banks reaction is very impartial. The new passages are very serious in nature. On the complete part, remote banks continued their business banking doings and in that area were spearheading in stock advancement and in fiscal and subordinate market s. Toward the end it is being seen that the outside banks couldn't establish an impact or connection with the focal spot of the Australian banks in the promoting and saleable market, where gigantic customer consents or branches had been perceived through boundless division frameworks. Outside banks were gladdened to spread for endorsement anyplace and in any sum, on condition that they met the passageway necessities, they were permitted to accept either optional or development developments (Brian, 2005) Many abroad banks were against this however the standard was not changed and was all inclusive. From 1992 the quantity of passages of remote banks expanded all the while (Henry, 2011) Comprehensive, however, the happenings of outside banks proceeded nearly insignificant compared to the since quite a while ago perceived Australian banks. Individual piece of loaning and getting framework assets rose to 14 percent by 1996 as an outcome of new contestants however with just slight prohibitions, their doings proceeded significantly a

Traffic Collision and People free essay sample

As the quantity of vehicles on the streets increments, so does the risk. In spite of the fact that there is present day wellbeing gear, vehicles are still principally liable for the complete number of auto collisions. This is basic in Turkey, which has the second most elevated RTA (street auto collision) rate on the planet. There are a few purposes behind car crashes in Turkey, for example, the disposition of Turkish drivers, the poor states of the streets, and the quantity of old vehicles in rush hour gridlock. The principal explanation behind car crashes in Turkey is the disposition of Turkish drivers. Turkish drivers can turn out to be totally extraordinary when they drive their vehicles. Particularly individuals in a road turned parking lot become extremely apprehensive in light of the fact that the group makes them insane, so they become irritated and furthermore their consideration. What's more, most youthful drivers like driving quick and they hazard their lives and different people’s lives. What’s increasingly, some Turkish individuals drive when they are smashed. We will compose a custom article test on Car accident and People or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page It tends to be hard to control their vehicles when they drink excessively. Another explanation is the poor states of streets. There are street developments constantly. For instance, at some point, they burrow the street for phone cabling. At that point the street is fixed. After two days, it is fixed again and they introduce power links. Therefore, the street is brimming with openings. Moreover, the street signs are inadequately orchestrated. It is too hard to even consider reading a sign when the traffic is going extremely quick on the grounds that the sign is either behind a tree or a few words are deleted from it. The last for explanation behind car crashes in Turkey is that there are loads of old vehicles in rush hour gridlock. The proprietors of these vehicles couldn't care less about them, so they can cause mishaps. For instance, if a vehicle is twenty years of age, its wheel can tumble off, and this can prompt a horrendous mishap. What's more, old vehicles have old motors, and old motors can be a tremendous issue. For example, they can begin to consume in rush hour gridlock. To summarize, the mentality of Turkish drivers, the poor states of the streets, and the quantity of old vehicles in rush hour gridlock are the reasons why individuals have mishaps in Turkey. It is strogly accepted that the quantity of mishaps can diminish if individuals resist the urge to panic, take a taxi when they are tanked, fix the streets, and spot the traffic signs where individuals can see them without any problem. They ought to likewise prohibit old vehicles from traffic. In the case of nothing is done, numerous individuals will continue kicking the bucket. ( offering guidance) Answer the accompanying inquiries. 1. What is the article about? It is about the purposes behind car crashes in Turkey. 2. What is the primary purpose behind auto collisions in Turkey? The mentality of Turkish drivers 3. What are the aftereffects of driving in a road turned parking lot? Give TWO models. a) They become anxious b) They become upset and furthermore their consideration. 4. What is the second purpose behind car crashes in Turkey? The poor states of streets 5. For what reason would it be able to be hard to peruse street signs in quick going rush hour gridlock? Give TWO reasons. a) The sign is either behind a tree b) Some words are eradicated from it What is the third explanation behind car crashes in Turkey? There are heaps of old vehicles in rush hour gridlock 7. What recommendations does the creator offer us to stop car crashes in Turkey? Give TWO models. Individuals should resist the urge to panic/take a taxi when they are smashed/fix the streets/place the traffic signs where individuals can see them effectively/restrict old vehicles from traffic SAMPLE ESSAY 2 Read the model paper. Hurtful EFFECTS OF WATCHING TELEVISION In an ongoing animation, one character said to another, â€Å"When you think about the extraordinary intensity of TV to teach individuals, aren’t you happy it doesn’t? † without a doubt TV has the ability to instruct and engage, yet sadly, TV carries mischief to individuals rather than benefits. TV is unsafe in light of the fact that it makes lack of involvement, disheartens correspondence, and presents a bogus image of the real world. Above all else, TV makes watchers latent. For instance, little kids love viewing the Sesame Street. In the Sesame Street, the characters are going on normal strolls, playing with creatures, and partaking in games. Be that as it may, youngsters become mentor potatoes since they simply sit and watch their preferred characters. In this way, they become truly aloof. What's more, more seasoned watchers watch a conversation program, however no one will go to the home watchers to request their sentiment about the subject that is talked about on TV. Thus, it is inescapable for them to turn out to be intellectually uninvolved. Also, TV debilitates correspondence. Families who stare at the TV a ton talk just during plugs. On the off chance that their nearby neighbor visits them, the most agreeable movement for everybody is to stare at the TV as opposed to having a discussion. What’s more, in certain houses, all the relatives have their own TVs in their rooms. Accordingly, individuals independently stare at the TV and have a little correspondence. To top it all off, TV presents a bogus image of the real world. This image drives watchers crazy since they don't have the excellence or extravagance of characters on TV. Watchers believe that everybody in the United States has a lavish condo, a quick vehicle and costly closet. Each investigator, cop, and attorney, male or female, is appropriate for a VIP banner. What's more, commentators and journalists have impeccable hair and cosmetics since they should fit television’s standard of magnificence. In any case, when watchers meet the characters on TV, they become frustrated in light of the fact that they understand that what they see on TV is a long way from the real world. All things considered, TV, similar to cigarettes or saccharine, is destructive to our wellbeing. We are getting inactive, detached and irate. Also, generally startling, the normal watcher invests a great deal of energy before TV. I accept that individuals ought to decrease their TV seeing time to be increasingly friendly and dynamic. Answer the accompanying inquiries. 1. What is the paper about? It is concerning why TV is destructive 2. What are the hurtful impacts of TV? A paper is a bit of composing that normally has at least five sections. An exposition is expounded on one subject that has a few central matters. The primary concerns are presented in a presentation section and upheld in body passages. The end passage is the last section. Presentation PARAGRAPH A presentation passage is the principal section in a paper. It contains two sections. Foundation Information: A couple of sentences about your subject that grab the eye of your peruser. A Thesis Statement: One sentence that tells your peruser the central matters of your theme and expresses the general â€Å"plan† of your article. General Statements Metropolitan City is loaded with appeal and magnificence, so guests from around the globe come to make the most of its well known theaters, exhibition halls, and ethnic cafés. Albeit Metropolitan City appears to be a heaven, it isn’t. The city has a few major issues: poor open transportation, swarmed boulevards, and costly lodging. Proposition Statement GIVING BACKGROUND INFORMATION There are no particular guidelines for composing a presentation, however there are a few strategies. Numerous presentations utilize one or a blend of the accompanying procedures to give foundation data and catch the perusers consideration. Move from general to explicit This kind of presentation opens with a general articulation regarding the matter that shows significance and afterward drives the peruser to the more explicit theory proclamation. Utilize an account Another approach to compose an acquaintance is with relate a fascinating story that will show the peruser the subject. Paper and magazine journalists every now and again utilize this procedure to start their articles. Utilize a citation A citation is a simple method to present your subject. You can cite an expert regarding your matter or utilize a fascinating citation from an article. You can likewise be increasingly casual and utilize a maxim or a most loved saying of a companion or relative. Pose an inquiry Asking at least one inquiries toward the start of a paper is a decent method to show perusers the theme immediately. They will need to keep perusing so as to discover the responses to the inquiries. Present realities and insights Presenting some intriguing realities or measurements sets up believability. Breaking down Introductions Peruse the accompanying example presentations. At that point, in little gatherings, distinguish the method or procedures that are utilized in every one. Recall that writers frequently utilize a blend of methods to compose a presentation. 1. Karate, which actually implies the craft of void hands, is the most broadly rehearsed of all the combative techniques. It is a method of self-protection that utilizes the body as a weapon for striking, kicking, and blocking. The specialty of karate, which started in the old Orient, is over 1,000 years of age. It grew first as a type of religious community preparing and later turned into a technique for self-preservation. During the seventeenth century, karate turned out to be exceptionally evolved as a workmanship on the Japanese island of Okinawa. Throughout the years, this old workmanship has gotten well known, and today karate is polished all through the world. In excess of a technique for battle, karate underlines self-control, uplifting mentality, and high good reason. Technique(s): _________________________ 2. One understudy takes a gander at his neighbour’s test paper and rapidly duplicates the appropriate responses. Another understudy discovers the inquiries on a test before her group takes it and discloses to her companions. Still another understudy shrouds a piece of paper with equations under her work area. Shouldn't something be said about you? OK undermine a test on the off chance that you realized you would not get captured? As indicated by an ongoing national overview, 40 percent of American youngsters would cheat under that condition. What is causing cheating in our schools? Most understudies c

Rolling Admission COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Rolling Admission COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog One common question we receive is, “If I complete my admission application early will I receive a decision early.” SIPA does not practice what is sometimes referred to as rolling admission. Rolling admission means that as applications are received, they are reviewed and decisions are sent as they are made. All applicants to SIPA who submit an application by the deadline will receive a decision around the same time. For example, if you apply for full-time MIA or MPA admission for fall 2009, approximately 90% of our admission decisions will be made available via the application web site by the first week of March. The other 10% are files that for one reason or another require a bit of extra review. The application review process does not begin until after the January 5th, 2009 deadline passes. Although you will not receive a decision early if you submit an application early, we highly encourage all applicants to complete the process of submitting all required documents as soon as possible. The earlier you complete the application the sooner we will notify you via the application web site that your application is complete and you can rest assured knowing that your application is ready for review by the Committee starting in January.

Medical Marijuana Essay - 969 Words

[Medicinal Marijuana] [Heather Bryant] Communication and compostition (COM156) University of Phoenix, Axia College [October 20, 2012] Medicinal Marijuana use in the United States Although many individuals find medical marijuana illegal, and unnecessary, it is a natural herb used to help symptoms caused by chronic illnesses. Over three million Americans use medical marijuana. Medical marijuana is the most widely used drug used to treat chronic illnesses in seventeen states. The use of medical marijuana has been a controversial issue here in the United States. Although, there are healthcare professionals that do believe that the use of medical marijuana can be very beneficial for patients. Just as there†¦show more content†¦The physician will then decide if the use of marijuana will be beneficial. Medical marijuana has been proven to benefit patients who have multiple illnesses. The most common uses for medical marijuana are; pain relief, loss of appetite, depression, and diseases such as AIDS and cancer. TCH has been proven to block pain receptors in the brain. The blockage of these pain receptors allows patients dealing with chronic pain to have some relief. Medicinal marijuana also stimulates appetite, and relieves symptoms associated with depression, AIDS and cancer. This enables patients to not have to rely on the use of prescription pain pills such opiods. Meidcal marijuana is also less addictive, and has less physical side effects than other prescription pain relievers. Just as there are positive benefits associated with medical marijuana there are some health risks. First, marijuana is not regulated by the FDA. The FDA is the food and drug administration. They regulate medication and ensure the safety and risk associated with drugs. Without the FDA regulating medical marijuana there is no way for patients to know if they are getting correct information pertaining to the exact marijuana they are smoking, and if there may be additives or chemicals on the marijuana. This can be risky for patients, because marijuana comes in much different strength. The FDA has also found that dosing of medicalShow MoreRelatedMedical Marijuana Essay1174 Words   |  5 PagesMedical Marijuana Marijuana (cannabis) is a mixture of leaves, stems, and flowering tops of the Indian hemp plant Cannabis sativa. [4] Marijuana is thought by many to be harmful, but it has been proven in fact to be helpful for some people with certain illnesses. [4] When I first started looking into medical marijuana as my research subject, I was curious to see what people my age actually thought about marijuana. I asked twenty of my peers, ranging in age from seventeen to twenty-twoRead MoreMedical Marijuana Essay1059 Words   |  5 PagesMedical Marijuana One of the most controversial issues in the United States is over medical marijuana. Many experiments test the validity of the drug as a medicine, and results of these experiments receive much praise but also some critique. The DEA and the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML) are battling over the issue. The underlying matter that cannot be ignored is that marijuana proves to be a useful medication for many patients, especially those with wastingRead MoreMedical Marijuana Essay938 Words   |  4 Pagesdecades America has associated marijuana with many things, and none of them ever any good. From the ‘60s with the hippie revolution, to today with criminals of all kinds, there have been numerous associations that are arguably unwarranted in this day and age. Why is it that we have such negative feelings about marijuana? In America today, the government considers it a Schedule I drug, meaning that it has a â€Å"high potential for abuse† and â€Å"no currently accepted medical use.† The problem with this classificationRead MoreEssay The Current Status of Medical Marijuana1929 Words   |  8 Pagesuse of marijuana for medical purposes. I will be exploring two papers, the first is Prohibition Works: Keeping Marijuana Illegal, the second is Legalization of Marijuana. In the paper Prohibition Works the author discusses numerous reasons marijuana should be kept illegal, and the second paper Legalization of Marijuana the author makes many valid points on why marijuana should be legalized for medical use. Michigan now joins 15 other states that have passed laws for consumption of marijuana for medicalRead MoreBenefits of Medical Marijuana Essay625 Words   |  3 Pagesthat can be prescribed for pain is medical marijuana. Even though it’s illegal in some states, but marijuana has become the most profitable and healing vital substance. Medical marijuana, also refer to as medical cannabis, is a good herbal thera py according to health practitioners(Medical marijuana for pain and depression). Medical marijuana has been around for centuries. Physicians back then used medical marijuana for illnesses and disorders(Medical marijuana for pain and depression). ThisRead MoreEssay on Against Medical Marijuana1413 Words   |  6 Pagessome controversy concerning smoking marijuana as a medicine. Many well-intentioned leaders and members of the public have been misled by the well-financed and organized pro-drug legalization lobby into believing there is merit to their argument that smoking marijuana is a safe and effective medicine. A review of the scientific research, expert medical testimony, and government agency findings shows this to be erroneous. There is no justification for using marijuana as a medicine. Read MoreEssay on Legalizing Medical Marijuana1254 Words   |  6 PagesShould medical marijuana be legal across the United States? Imagine a world where individuals who have chronic pain did not have to suffer anymore. Envision a cure for cancer, a disease many Americans are killed by daily. Picture people with severe, violent mood disorders being treated. Most people think the answers to these problems are simple and could be solved by over medicating patients. Today, there are twenty states in America who have legalized medical marijuana for specific health and medicalRead MoreEssay on The Benefits Of Medical Marijuana929 Words   |  4 PagesThe Benefits Of Medical Marijuana Are you sick of hearing your girlfriend nagging you about letting go of your pot pasttime? Have you been hearing a lot of negative things about the use of marijuana lately? Would you like to know what the real deal is behind the use of this infamous drug? Then read on because youre in for a surprise. One of the saddest things in North America is the lack of clinical trials on marijuana use. Many other countries in the world have already performed such testsRead MoreBenefits of Medical Marijuana Essay990 Words   |  4 Pages Legalizing Marijuana Marijuana is a very controversial and obtrusive issue in our society today. Although many have made malicious remarks about it in the past, and even still in the present, the truth and beneficial facts of marijuana are finally resurfacing. Unfortunately, our society has become a very critical crowd towards the legalization of marijuana due to the stereotypical view of the kind of people who are considered â€Å"pot smokers†. This contorted perception of a lazy and unmotivated AmericaRead MoreEssay on Medical Marijuana Policy1310 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction In the United States, marijuana for medical purposes has gained more prevalence in current political discourse than in previous years. Marijuana, also known as cannabis, is a flowering plant that originally came from South and Central Asia. For centuries, the cannabis plant has been used for many natural products such as seed oils, seed, fiber that is used to make hemp products and contains over four hundred chemicals, some of which have an antibiotic like effect (Nordqvist

Structural Adjustment Programs - 1574 Words

Structural Adjustment Programs are programs used by the International Monetary fund as a tool to ensure the debt repayment of highly indebted developing countries, such as the countries in the Latin American area. Structural Adjustment Programs are routed in neo-liberal thought. Neo liberal thought is an economic approach whereby economic factors are shifted from the public arena to the private one, and whereby there is the freeing up of the economy by removing barriers and restrictions for what private actors can and cannot do (Oxford 2004). Structural Adjustment Programs (referred to as SAPs) allow the Global North, which includes North America and Western European countries to exploit highly indebted developing countries. Conditions required by Structural Adjustment Programs lead to an economically exploitative relationship between the Global North and in this case specifically Latin America. This paper will argue that in situations involving Structural Adjustment Programs, the Gl obal North can be viewed as the bourgeoisie and Latin America as the proletariat when looking through a Marxist lens. This paper will use the text of Marx and Engels, The Communist Manifesto in order to support the argument that the relationship between Global North and Latin America is similar in many aspects to the relationship between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The relationship between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat is an economically exploitative one, whereby by bourgeoisieShow MoreRelatedStructural Adjustment Program ( Saps )1902 Words   |  8 PagesStructural Adjustments The debt crisis in the 1980s gave Washington the opportunity to â€Å"blast open† and fully subordinate third World economies through World Bank-IMF structural adjustment programs (SAPs). Starting in 1980, developing countries were unable to pay back loans taken from Western commercial banks which had gone on a huge lending binge to Third World governments during the mid to late1970s when rising oil prices had filled up their coffers with petro-dollars. The World Bank and the IMFRead MoreImf Structural Adjustment Programs in Africa1070 Words   |  5 PagesIMF STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMS IN AFRICA INTRODUCTION Beginning in 1980, the International monetary Fund (IMF) started to impose Structural Adjustment Programs (SAP) on African debtor nations. SAP’s have been imposed on 36 African Sub-Saharan countries under the assumption that neo-liberal reforms lead to economic growth and an increased standard of living. For that reason, focus was put on macroeconomic policies with the open market based approach. SAP’s generally mandated: -the removalRead MoreStructural Adjustment Programs Have Led To The Increase1682 Words   |  7 Pages Structural adjustment programs have led to the increase in poverty by reinforcing the peripheral status of these countries within the capitalist system. The international system in characterized by the domination of peripheral countries by core, developed nations (Afriyie, 2009, 51). This system is being reinforced by structural adjustment policies that make these peripheral countries dependent and indebted to the core. The first policy that helps reinforce this system is currency devaluation.Read MoreStructural Adjustment Programs And Its Impact On Ghana s Human Development2653 Words   |  11 Pages(IMF), World Trade Organization (WTO), and the World Bank. These institutions applied neoliberal policies with the goal of pursuing progress for the global south. These Policies were referred to as structural adjustment programs (SAPS). This paper will argue that neoliberal structura l adjustment programs implemented by the IMF and the World Bank have brought a negative impact on Ghana’s human development hindering economic and social development. To prove my thesis, this paper will be assessing Ghana’sRead MoreThe Implementation Of Structural Adjustment Programs1169 Words   |  5 Pagesthat of health and education combined. In response to the mounting global debt crisis of the late 1970s, the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) set forth a series of prescriptions for developing countries in the form of Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) upon which the receipt of foreign aid is conditional. This paper seeks to analyze the effects of those prescriptions on the urban poor in three dimensions. First, through a look at the quality and accessibility of housing stockRead MoreThe Structural Adjustment Program Project1001 Words   |  5 PagesThe structural adjustment program project is one project of the World Bank that created substa ntial problems for the assisted nation, which in this case is Burundi. The structural adjustment program is a sort of lending program by the World Bank for countries whose economies are experiencing crisis. However, this lending program requires certain reforms and policies to be implemented by the receiving country in exchange for loans. In other words, the loans are strictly conditional, and these conditionalityRead MoreInfluence Of The Imfs Structural Adjustment Programs1398 Words   |  6 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to identify and verify the influence of the IMF’s Structural Adjustment Programs in less developed countries to see whether the IMF truly is the culprit. I used the case of Jamaica to serve me as an example of a developing country that works closely with the International Monetary Funds. Social Development: Social development and economic growth are usually mistakenly used as synonyms. However, both terms are not the same. Though a country may enjoy economic growthRead MoreThe Modern Development Project ( Mdp )1037 Words   |  5 Pagesconnection demonstrated here between capitalist development and the continuity of inequality solidifies Sahlins’ argument that the evolution of culture and the proliferation of poverty are synonymous (1972: 36). The implementation of Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) further supports the paradox of modern development, as the products counteract the aim of the strategy. 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Jonasson Political Science 1020E 04/02/2015 The World Bank: Structural or Sovereignty Adjustment Program Since its opening loan of $250 million to France for post-war reconstruction in 1947, the World Bank has always declared its two primary goals as to â€Å"end extreme poverty within a generation and boost shared prosperity† (World Bank, 2014). The World Bank is first and foremost a bank - a business – whose primary interest is in making money, and in this profit-first business model

Naturalization of Undocumented Immigrant Free Essays

Prof. Alexandru November 18, 2013 Communications Immigration Laws Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience to Central Idea: The immigration system needs to be reformed. Introduction l. We will write a custom essay sample on Naturalization of Undocumented Immigrant or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Give us your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free. † These words are engraved on the Statue of Liberty that was assembled in 1886. The statue was meant to be a beacon of hope for all immigrants that enter the U. S. Hope for opportunities, a better life, a better home. But can we really say that’s what they are given? II. A big issue that has been focused on lately by the government is Immigration law reform. For this speech I have done research about immigration laws and how they affect undocumented immigrants. Ill. A recent study conducted by the Pew Research Center in Washington, D. C. has found that there has been an increase of unauthorized immigrants in the United States since the end of recession in 2009, which means there a lot more people that live in the United States that will be affected. This can also be said that everyone in California can be affected by these laws because we are a border state, which usually get a larger influx of immigrants. ‘V. Today I would like to tell you about the serious issues with present day mmigration laws and persuade you to help reform them. First I will explain what immigration laws are and their purposes. Then I will tell you about some of those laws, and how they affect undocumented immigrants and society. And I will end with why and how you can help to make a difference. Body (So what are immigration laws? ) l. Immigration laws were created to regulate who and what may come into the United States. According the National Association of Former Border Patrol Officers, this is to protect us in four different major ways: public safety, public health, Jobs, and national ecurity. A. Ever since 1960, creating laws based on public safety, is to ensure that immigrants that may be potential prostitutes, polygamists, sexual deviates, or criminals would not be allowed to cross our borders. B. For Public Health, there are laws that prevent contagious diseases epidemics or people with potentially dangerous mental diseases. C. To ensure our Jobs are secure, laws are created to keep immigration from depressing wages too much. D. And National Security – Foreigners who would harm the country cannot come here, but the definition of who terrorists, for instance. Now let’s talking about some actual immigration laws) V. Immigration laws vary on circumstances and we have to remember that every law always have exceptions. Every law also has flaws. Now I’m going to tell you about two laws that I found alarming. A. The Center for Immigration Studies estimates that close to 400,000 US citizens marry a non-U. S. citizen. When a United States’ citizen gets married to a person from a different country, there is a long process that the couple has to go through to prove their marriage and plenty of petitions need to be filled out to gain citizenship. A. l . The process and analysis of the couples were not at all alarming me until I ran across an article that went into detail about transgender spouses, who not only had to deal with the naturalization process but also the process specifying their gender. How to cite Naturalization of Undocumented Immigrant, Papers

A Research Proposal Uber

Question: Discuss about the Research Proposal Uber. Answer: Introduction Business research is a technique to examine the operations effectiveness of a company which they achieve by chosen tools and technique during obtaining and analyzing the data. There are so many tools and techniques available for business research. These different types depend on specific business requirements. Uber was founded in 2009 and official launched in 2010 in San Francisco as a web mobile application platform. In August 2015, it received the label of the most valuable startup in the world with valued at $50.0 billion. In January 2015, Uber stated that it had more than 160,000 drivers in the US who delivered more than a million rides in a day with covering 75% of total US population. Uber has arisen as a disruptive revolution in a business that long ago exposed no efforts to develop its amenities in order to show up their costumers desires. That is the key reason as this application facility has been tremendously popular with consumers. As per current statics data it operates in 70 countries and more than 450 cities with a millions rides daily. (Zhang, 2014) Background I have chosen to make a research proposal for UBER mobile web based business model. Uber business model offers comparative advantages over their competition. They dont own any taxi or driver as employee that clearly an advantage in company cost. Their function is to connect its passengers to the driver in a timely efficient manner, and for this service Uber charge an average of 20% of total payment. Uber entered in China in 2013 with the name as Youbu. Chinese taxi industry have several pains such as distressing experiences during busy hours, drivers decline to transport a passenger for shorter distance, car condition and inconsistent quality of service. Uber first introduce themselves as primer chauffeur service names UberBlack but did not get good reception due high cost as compared to competitors and conventional cab services. In October 2014, Uber announced Peoples uber that leads extra ordinary growth. This was a non-profit ride sharing program that was to consider inspired by a government document issued by Beijing. To make a close relationship with customers, Uber connect its service to Alipay who is the most popular payment solution in China. In December 2014, Bajekal N. stated that Uber partnered with Baidu who is a Chinese giant web for mapping support. These commercial associations shows Ubers intentions to build good relationship with local government and it leverage Uber to support from regulation point of view. Objective The objective of this paper is to study on the Uber mobile web based business model. In this study I have used mixed approach i.e. qualitative a quantitative for the business research. I have covered Uber historical statics with its current approach that helps them to make its presence in Chinese market. Research Proposal CAGE Analysis helps Uber to expend their wings in Chinese market. Cultural Distance Understand the language might be a difficult but the application could be simply transformed to the target language marketplace. Chinese corporate culture is grounded on personal association somewhat than an uncontaminated transactional act that is the provision that Uber propose. But Uber is the only platform that is digital, which will encourage the Chinese drivers for behaving kind to their clients for avoiding the distance. Political or Administrative Distance The economic trade relationship in US and China has developed from past various years as the solid partnership. This will provide a perfect scenario for the American organizations for deploying this business in the country. The level of involvement to the government of China in these commercial activities, and mainly this initiative of web based, is considered to be very high. This will become the biggest threat to organization as its whole operation is based on and dependent 100% on Internet. Thus, the government of China has the power so that they can block such types of applications, involving high cost to an action like this could mean to a company like Uber. (Patent, 2016) Geographic Distance We have used Uber which is an app, thus geographical distance has been decreased with the usage of such type of technology, and thus the model of business for this organization doesnt own cars or some of the other assets that are physical. So, there is no requirement for exporting such type of the goods. There is not an issue with the Technological distance because drivers of China uses the mobile platforms which is currently experiencing and updating the important rates of organization growths. Economic Distance The GDP per capita of China is $15,184 (PPP in year 2015)10, and this factor is increasing year by year. This is the factor which is decreasing the distance in order for executing in country the new investment. The tax industry is having growing rates activity which is the good signal for developing the businesses such as the proposal of Uber. Thus, from above analysis we can conclude that the Uber expansion plan within the markets of China is having very viable strategy as per the conditions that are offered by this country to the organization claims. China provides great opportunities growth in niche applications for the transport of people, despite present scenario where this Uber is treated as the distant third player with the market share of 8.4%, following to the Yidao 10 whose market share 9% which is in second place and then comes the Didi Kuaidi with 78,3% which is first in the place as the largest chauffeur player of Chinese online. (Inda, 2016) Literature review With a specific end goal to be a win rival in China, it ought to actualize different procedures to pick up piece of the overall industry to its rivals, for example, Didi Kuadi and Yidao. Some of them are: all together pick up certainty from the administration, Uber ought to cooperate with nearby government and neighborhood organizations trough joint endeavors or business understandings. Uber needs to better comprehend neighborhood interest for transportation techniques. This can bring about adding more administrations or items to the genuine blend. For instance, it can include minimized city autos in substantial urban communities and cruisers in country regions with shoddy charges, or can be stretched out to another measurement like conveyance administrations as Fedex, yet with private autos. More interest in advertising and advancements, so as to get clients consideration and dedication. Through this procedure Uber additionally can increase open support and diminish the general popu lation negative worries of conceivable future issues with controllers. This last point is one of the primary reasons why Uber is having inconveniences in its worldwide development system. (Xiaoke, 2015) At last, Uber needs to actualize creative techniques to enhance gainfulness in Chinese market keeping in mind the end goal to get a reasonable operation in that nation, since it has been putting extensive sum assets in activities to pick up perceivability inside clients that are bringing about diminishment in overall revenues for the time being. To fathom this issue, they have to locate an all-around adjusted methodology that permits them from one perspective to pick up piece of the overall industry and mindfulness from client, and then again to enhance their net revenues. Data Analysis and Methodology After collecting related data following is the table that shows the rates for ride for Uber and competitors. Base Rate Rate per KM Rate per min Didi Fast Ride 0 1.5 0.25 Peoples Uber 0 2.17 0.35 Didi Chauffeur One 15 2.9 0.5 Yidao 10 2.8 0.4 UberX 15 2.3 0.4 Note: The prices showed in table are the lowest offerings available in Beijing; km=kilometer; unit=yuan; Source: data collected on the Uber, the Didi Kuaidi and the Yidao official sites. Following is the process for calculating cost to customers which is stated by Stutman in year 2014: Didi Kuaidi This is built on time and distance It will compensate additional tips for enticing drivers for pick up For different services there are different base rate Yidao Built on the time and distance All facilities require base rate Uber Founded on the time and the distance Outpouring Pricing ( based on present supply-demand ratio, eg. 1.2X,1.8X) Through an entry evaluating practice Uber could set lesser costs with the objective of exponential growth of both customers and group chauffeurs collected with the possibility of picking up pieces of the pie. Recommended change to achieving the goal Following are some recommendations to achieve Ubers goal for its sustainability in Chinese market with short term and long term implementations. As a part of short terms goals, Uber should to concentrate on High-end publicize in view of obstruct of low-and medium-end markets and as an outcome of the dissatisfaction of the past system. They ought to keep up the midpoint estimation of the group of high caliber. They ought to make a solid brand picture. User should shut down PEOPLE'S UBER (Mascolo, 2016) In China, doubling down the Uber efforts it requires for taking the advantages with the local clients having familiarity. As per their sources, Uber raised already $500 millions from the relationship which they are having with insurance organizations, financial services and the Chinese technology. (Mohan, 2015) City Population Number of Cars estimated Guangzhou 11 070 654 2950 Beijing 21 500 000 5729 Shenzhen 10 628 900 2832 Tianjin 15 469 500 4122 Suzhou 10 580 000 2819 Chongqing 18 284 100 4872 Chengdu 10 152 632 2705 Wuhan 10 607 700 2827 Hangzhou 8 892 000 2369 TOTAL 28 275 As part of long term recommendations Uber should made relations with prominent chinese organizations, additionally to fabricate a decent association with neighborhood government. Keep on modifying its portfolio to focus with altered items new urban areas (UberGreen in Wuhan). New reserving channels (online stages, applications, Wechat). Theater industry and Cinema Industry (Wanda Group) If the legislature manages the business, Uber will lunch in the market another rendition of People's Uber NEW People's Uber Customized adaptation - User can pick the driver (Yidao) Premium Price - Differentiation advantage (Mascolo, 2016) Only authorized drivers are permitted to this administration (Horwitz, 2015) Conclusion I have critical reviewed the Ubers business and after analyzing I have come across some recommendation for its expansions in Chinese market such as tie-ups with top rates restaurants, hotels and local tour and travel companies or even accruing some small to medium operators. These some recommendation will help Uber to make its presence strong and helps in offering low cost rides to customers. Uber needs to set short term and long terms goals to make their presence in Chinese market. It is essential to work with local bodies to ensure success for any business. Uber should adopt some good features from its competitors and have to work for create enthusiasm for drivers to choose them as a preferred partner. (Bradsher, 2015) Timescale Proposal for research Research Plan Analyzing of Data Final Reporting Nov 16 Dec 16 Dec 16 Jan 17 Jan 17 Feb 17 Feb 2017 References: Bajekal, N., 2014, Uber Charged 4 Times Its Usual Rate During Sydney Hostage Siege, Time Inc., Retrieved from: https://time.com/3633304/uber-sydney-hostage-surge-pricing/ Bradsher, K.; Buckley C., 2015,"China's Market Rout Is a Double Threat", novices have rushed to join a national fever of speculation, Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/06/business/international/chinas-market-rout-is-a-double-threat.html?_r=0 Horwitz, J., 2015, Uber Is Logging 1 Million Daily Rides in China as Many as the Rest of the World, Combined Retrieved from: https://qz.com/426561/uber-is-logging-1-million-daily-rides-in-china-as-many-as-the-rest-ofthe-world-combined/ Inda, C., 2016, Uber and its expansion strategy in China, Retrieved from: https://www.slideshare.net/ChristianInda/uber-and-its-expansion-strategy-in-china Mascolo, A., 2016, Uber in China: What's next? (Study from DDIM 10 class), https://www.slideshare.net/AlessioMascolo/uber-in-china-whats-next Mohan, P., 2015, Uber-deems-china-no-1-priority, https://www.fastcompany.com/3047390/fast-feed/report-uber-deems-china-no-1-priority Patent, O., 2016, UBER TECHNOLOGIES, INC. Patent Owner, Retrieved from: https://www.patentbuddy.com/Company/Profile/UBER-TECHNOLOGIESINC./1957650 Stutman, J., 2014, Waiting on the Uber IPO, Retrieved from: https://www.techinvestingdaily.com/articles/waiting-on-the-uber-ipo/463 Xiaoke X., Xin W., Bendle, N., 2015, UBER: MANAGING A RIDE IN CHINA Case Study. Richard Ivey School of Business Foundation, Retrieved from: https://hbr.org/product/uber-managing-a-ride-in-china/W15425-PDF-ENG Zhang, S., Shih, G., 2014, Uber seen reaching $10.8 billion in bookings in 2015: fundraising presentation, Retrieved from: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-uber-tech-fundraising-idUSKCN0QQ0G320150821

Felix Restituyo Ethics in CJ Professor Monte s Mar Essays

Felix Restituyo Ethics in CJ Professor Monte s March 7, 2017 After reading the article I feel that the inspectors were just doing their job, but I also felt like the extent of what they did to get the job done was unnecessary. The handcuffing of a five year old and 65 year old in my opinion was superabundant . If it was the other way around and these people were US citizens, th e amount of money involved in these lawsuit cases would be immense. The simple fact is, the handcuffing of a 5 year old is not American and unconstitutional. That is not what originated or represents our country, and the relevance of the line " I was just doing my job " is oblivious . In history, the statement " I was just doing my job " has been an excuse for many things. For example, we have the Stanley Milgram Experiment which gave the world insight that certain individuals regardless of their good morals and values will do things when comman ded and ordered. S ince that term was used, the outcome were officers either getting off or being arrested for their actions. I believe that Trump ' s immigration policy is absurd due to the fact that Trump is secluding individuals from the American Dream. Although the general idea of not allowing anyone in the country is wrong, the individuals he ' s not back into the country have nothing or very little to do with Terrorism but is allowing people from the countries who we have evidence and hard facts correlating to terrorism threats on American soil. Trumps defense is that he is doing this to " keep us safe " but in reality what he is doing is dividing a country who is based of unity. Trump believes that because he is The President of The United States, he has the authority and power to do as he pleases with no consequences. As an A merican , Trump believes that immigrants have deprived citizens from jobs and opportunities , as w ell as cause havoc in The US, when in reality these immigrants sole purpose of migrating is to have a better opportunity to help their families back home. I don't think it is right for anyone to get in the way of someone trying to help their family, and i f I were one of the US Customs Inspectors, I wouldn't have done what was asked . Speaking from a person who's parents migrated to this country, I believe that it would have been unjust and inhumane. The psychological experiment definitely has bearings and an impact on how we view the actions of the inspectors. But although the Stanley Milgram Experiment perceives a case where individuals that aren't necessarily bad do bad things when commanded or feel empowered, people should have the basic human conscience of knowing right from wrong. The argument of them " just doing their job " is understandable, especially if thats what puts a roof over your families head, food on the table and clothes on your child ren back, but to what extent. You as a person should know how far to take it and not, handcuffing a 5 year old cannot be justified in any way, it is wrong regardless of what way you look at it. Although sometimes you might have to do something that you believe is morally wrong because of your job, the option of the limit you take that to should never refrained. I believe p hysical force should only be used when the officer and /or surrounding people are in danger. For exa m ple, if the offender is resisting arrest and trying to fight the officer, and there is no other way to get this individual to comply, then physical fo rce can be used. Although in certain situations psychical force can be used, it should not be mistaken for abused because cases involving an individual who is not resisting or a physical threat should not become fatal. For example, Eric Garner was not resisting arrest or a threat to th ose around him, but yet was force onto the ground by multiple officers

Kiss of the Spider Woman essays

Kiss of the Spider Woman essays In analyzing the film Kiss Of The Spider Woman by Hector Babenco, the first thing I noticed was how the two cellmates in South America, Molina and Valentin were two very different people; in fact, perfect opposites. Molina is a homosexual who has been imprisoned for sexual offenses, while Valentin is a political prisoner, meaning that he is part of a political regime that is seemingly a part of a terrorist group against the government of South America. We know this when he speaks of Marta, a middle class woman, who has it all, which indicates that he himself is a peasant or of low class status that is part of a political group striving to gain rights and equality. Valentin is tortured by authorities and is even given food that has been poisoned in an attempt to gain information about other revolutionaries in his political group. These authorities get Molina involved as an inside source to get Valentin to slip up. However, while prying into Valentins life, Molina grows deeply aff ectionate of him and chooses not to help in such a scheme. Due to an agreement that Molina had made with the authorities, he is released on parole, but not after he and Valentin become physically intimate drawing the two even closer. Afterwards, Valentin gives him a phone number to call to help his political group. Molina tries to help, but is eventually killed. In the next scene we see Valentin in a hospital after he has been badly beaten and he is thinking about the one thing that gives him strength to survive, Marta. In short, what seems to be a film about how two very different people come together in times of struggle, turns out to be a film about gaining individual freedom. Though the films usefulness in describing the context of Latin America is rather hard to distinguish, we do however see the struggle that most Latin Americans went through in trying to find their place in a society that was made up of a culmination o...

Nutrition Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nutrition Questions - Essay Example ure of the nutrient breakdown often results in a lack of energy, excessive sleepiness, or similar problems that would otherwise act to counter weight loss gains. As a result of these limitations one’s overall perception of fad diets and drugs is highly suspicious. Adolescence has been defined as a developmental stage distinguishing childhood from adulthood. While the age of 18 is the legal definition of adulthood, the actual developmental transition is determined by psychological and physiological factors. One of the predominant developmental stages associated with adolescence is puberty. As adolescence is a pivotal developmental stage there are a number of nutrition-related problems associated with it. One of the most prominent nutrition-related problems of adolescence is that of malnutrition, particularly its effect on weight gain. While the high numbers of adolescents that are overweight is in great part due to a lack of exercise, a nearly equal problem is overeating, or eating the wrong foods. Another issue is that of under nutrition. Particularly in the cases of anorexia, adolescents are particularly apt to these as they face the challenges of the teenage years. As this is a critical growth period proper nutrition is important as it has been shown to affect health in later life. Specific health problems from poor adolescent nutrition include osteoporosis, heart disease, and diabetes. Other potential problems related to nutrition include stomach and kidney pains brought on by bulimia that, like anorexia, is another frequent disorder related to the adolescent development stage. In addition to these noted nutrition-related problems adolescents in this development stage are susceptible to many of the same nutrition related problems of regular adults; over consumption of daily vitamins can cause a series of health related problems. Ultimately, because of these issues it’s highly important for adolescents to pay particular attention to their nutrition and

American Eagle Marketing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American Eagle Marketing - Research Paper Example Airline operation is dependent upon many related entities; the primary ones are airport authorities which allow the airlines to carry out the operation at the particular station. The catering service providers along with aircraft equipment manufacturers and suppliers also play contributory role in the operation. In case of American Eagle, it is quite possible that the flight frequency is restricted at a particular station. The aircraft manufacturer may also enforce strict conditions for aircraft maintenance. Customer’s Bargaining PowerAviation industry is strongly characterized by time based fares which enable the customers to fly cheap if they plan their journey well ahead of time. The threat of customer’s bargaining power is limited as the pricing is purely online and regulated by International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).Threat of SubstituteIt is a serious point of consideration for American Eagle as many low cost carriers can threat its profitability. It goes without saying that there is no substitute of air travel in the aspect of time and ease. The drawback can be in terms of connections to multiple stations and the facilities provided during transit if direct flight is not operated.Threat of New EntrantAs mentioned earlier, entry of new low cost carriers can threaten the business of American Eagle. The low cost carrier saves cost on catering, in flight entertainment and baggage limit. They focus on the basic requirement of air travel which is quick transportation of individuals and baggage.

The Limitations Of High Rise Buildings Environmental Sciences Essay

The Limitations Of High Rise Buildings Environmental Sciences Essay The purpose of this report is to illustrate the limitations faced when planning, designing or constructing a high-rise Building. This report will explore the background of high-rise buildings, including their origins and technological advancements. It will bring to light any technical aspects pertaining to the limitation of high-rise buildings, such as materials and available technology. This report will also inform the reader of any professional involvement of both engineering and non-engineering careers, as well as bringing to light any social, cultural or heritage issues such as Indigenous participation. Furthermore this report will demonstrate any Ethical or Economical issues which may have an impact on the planning, designing or construction of a high-rise Building. Lastly it will discuss where High-rise Buildings may take us in the future and give insight to changes that may occur due to High-rise Buildings. Report Introduction Since man first started building high-rises, there has always been a limit on how high we can build them. As the years go on and as technology improves the limits to high-rise buildings height has been constantly broken and higher buildings have been made, BUT limits still exist. It is important to know why we have limits to building high-rise buildings and it is just as important knowing just what some of these limits are. Therefore research has been conducted and compiled and a report has been put together. This report is about the limits to building high-rise buildings the report will outline: The involvement of both engineering and non-engineering professionals Social/cross cultural/indigenous issues Ethical issues Economic issues These are the 4 topics that will be discussed in the report, along with a brief background of the limits and some technical aspects of topics. The report will also make sum conclusions as to what is believed to where the limits may lead us in the future or high-rise buildings. Unfortunately the report will not be covering many other issues to limits in high rise buildings as there are many, many reasons limiting high rise buildings. 1.0 Background to High-Rise Limitations Abstract The construction of high-rise buildings has been and always will be greatly limited. The provision of this section of the report is to provide the background information on why construction was so limited. Several major limits that were broken will be discussed. Also discussed will be the inventions and/or processes which were used to break them. Introduction There are many factors that limit man from building great structures however many of these limits have already being broken and will continue to be surpassed. Throughout history man has built some great structures like The Great Pyramid of Giza and the Two Towers of Bologna. The Pyramid of Giza built in the 26th century BC was formally known as the tallest structure in the world. Standing 146m above ground its height was not exceeded for thousands of years. Although these great structures existed for thousands of years, tall buildings that were continuously habitable did not exist until the late 1800s. After the late 1800s buildings that blew the minds of men began to appear. These buildings include; Empire State Building of New York, The Q1 on the gold coast, and now the tallest building in the world, The Khalifa Tower of Dubai which stands 828m above ground. Significant Changes to Highrise Buildings The worlds first iron framed building was the Oriel Chambers in Liverpool built in 1864; it was only five stories high as elevators had not yet been invented yet [4]. This was a reason why construction was so limited before the mid 1800s. It seemed that the higher the office building the cheaper it was to rent because it was impractical for inhabitants to walk a great number of stairs. The first building to include an elevator was the Equity Assurance Building of New York built in 1870. Once the elevator was implemented, suddenly the top stories were more valuable than the lower stories. And now you can get higher rents on the top stories because they are quieter, there is better light, and they are away from the noise and dirt of the street [1]. The invention and inclusion of the elevator in construction greatly influenced the skylines of every major city in the world. Vertical architecture would be impossible, first of all, without the elevator, the great equalizer of civilization, which . . . by excessively rapid express service, makes the twentieth floor scarcely more difficult to access than the third. . . . Without [the elevator] its chief merit [of the tall building] would be gone; without it its upper stories would be as inaccessible as a mountaintop. [2] Skelton and Conventional Construction Methods Even though the elevator now eliminated the hassle of stairs and allowed for growth of buildings the height of buildings was still limited because of the method of construction used. In ordinary methods of building, the higher the wall the thicker it must be at its lower parts, a hefty area of a valuable lot in the tight inner-city must be surrendered to enormously thick walls [3]. Architect William Le Baron Jenney was the first to use a load-bearing structural frame which supported the entire weight of the walls. This was the beginning of the Steel Skeleton Construction method of building. This development led to the construction of the first skyscraper being ten stories high. The Home Insurance Building in Chicago, built in 1885. Even though the building stood tall many people were scared and didnt believe in the idea at all. Four years later an architect named Bradford Gilbert believed in the idea and designed the Tower Building in New York using the skeleton method. There were al ready buildings which were taller than the tower building however they were not built on block of land which seemed greatly inadequate. With the construction of the tower building Bradford Gilbert convinced people and architects in New York that this method of construction was feasible. The Skeleton method of construction solved the problem of economizing space in the lower floors of high and narrow buildings and was used all over the world. As land diminishes in the inner-city the tend is to build upwards. Lack of land in the inner city is great factor which limits the construction of high rise buildings. The skeleton method of construction helped solve this problem to a certain extent however with todays knowledge and understanding the lack of land in the inner-city will always limit the height of construction. Construction There are still many limits which man has not yet surpassed, however as seen from this section of the report some inventions came along which completely changed the standard of construction. With the invention of the elevator the corporate world was turned on its head as tall buildings were now accessible and now the higher you go the more expensive it is, where as it used to be the opposite. The higher you went the cheaper it was. The skeleton method of construction revolutionised the construction world. It allowed for buildings to grow hundreds of metres in the air while using minimal area on the ground. 2.0 Technical Aspects Pertaining to the Limitations of High Rise Buildings 2.1 Introduction High rise mega structures have forever plagued the thoughts of mankind, from the beginning of the technological age we have marvelled at our own achievements forever striving to build bigger, better and higher in an effort to reach for the stars. Tall buildings in modern society bestow many great attributes however as we continue to construct a more cumbersome empire of mega structures we will face many new technical obstacles to overcome. 2.2 Possible Risks Many technical factors influence our ability to build greater structures. Environmental and human disasters such as; earthquakes, fires, hurricanes and terrorism supply great difficulty while scientific breakthroughs in materials, mechanics and methodology prove to be either impractical, ineffective or unachievable at this time [4]. External forces are a major concern we must face when designing our high rises. One of the most important concerns to consider when designing high rises is their ability to withstand lateral forces imposed by things like strong winds, hurricanes and earthquakes [5]. 2.3 Strengths and Technologies The strength of modern materials surprisingly is not a major factor in the development of high rise buildings. Steel is strong enough to support structures 10 km or taller while advanced composites can support structures much greater again. Certain mechanical implementations such as massive suspended tuned pendulum dampers can be utilised in tall buildings to counteract the environmental rigors of high wind and impending earthquakes [6]. High rises are not only a distinguishing symbol of prestige but they also prove to be excellent at accommodating a large mass of people in a relatively small area. In commercial terms this allows businesses to maintain close proximity with the central district of inner cities while reducing pressure on already densely populated urban localities [7]. 2.4 Threat of Terrorism As iconic and essential as these high rise structures may be, sometimes they can become the target of terrorism. One of the most historical events of this manner occurred on September 11th 2001 When the World Trade Centres in the United States were demolished after airliners were hijacked and sent on suicide missions killing over 3000 people [8]. 2.5 Conclusion To overcome these problems various technical innovations such as; security cameras, vehicle detection equipment and computer identification checks can be utilised as well as organic, inorganic and metal x-ray detection systems. While technical defence and prevention systems such as these do help to prevent terrorism, modern security systems are still limited by current technologies. 3.0 The Involvement of both Engineering and Non-Engineering professions 3.1 Introduction As this project will effect many individuals in the aspect of employment and work it is vitally important to specify who will be effected and how. Although a big project such as a high-rise building will provide a large scale of jobs, there is always the risk that the construction/finished project could permanently damage someone elses business. As a result careful planning must be taken to ensure minimal harm is done to private business. 3.2 Engineering/Tradesmen Professions High-rise buildings are great opportunities for steady work for hundreds of professions. Some of these professions include engineers, builders, architects and various tradesmen jobs. As the specific project looks to challenge the limited heights of high-rise buildings it can be assumed that it would provide a great deal of jobs throughout the construction and development. As this is a field of work which has been hit reasonably hard by the recent global economic crisis, this project would be greatly beneficial to the workers and contractors involved. 3.3 Non-Engineering Professions Small business has an important role in local and regional economies, and collectively they contribute to the Australian economy. Many small businesses exist in inner city networks, which are areas prone to expansion and development, such as high-rise buildings. Many depend on easy access from roads as the primary means to transport goods and services and to link to other small businesses. Small businesses need to know about construction in the area which could impact on their profession [9]. Before construction takes place it is the responsibility of the engineering company to ensure a community liaison contacts and notifies the surrounding businesses of the high-rise plans. It is also then the community liaisons task to answer any concerns or queries, as a result of development, regarding the businesses viability. These could include; loss of revenue, loss of customers, loss of/or restricted access for customers, disruptions to the delivery of goods and services, noise, visual and air pollution and lastly the potential for increased crime due to loss of visibility. It is vitally important to gain the support of private businesses, so any contact must be carefully planned first. 3.4 Construction and Development During construction there is always the possibility of complaints regarding noise levels, obstruction and inconvenience. To ensure these matters are dealt with appropriately, engineering/construction firms provide adequate signage around the worksite referring the public as to whom to contact. Companies are also required to display signage before construction takes place, to allow time for any complaints or queries to be dealt with. By taking these steps engineering/construction companies can not be held accountable for any future complaints. 3.5 Conclusion The construction of large high-rise buildings can have impacts on both engineering and non engineering professions. It is vital to take precautions, before initiating construction, to notify any and all non-engineering professions effected of the possible changes which will be taking place. For this reason liaisons must be employed to establish an effective working communication and to answer any concerns private business could have. 4.0 Social/ Cultural/ Indigenous Issues 4.1 Introduction In every instance of construction it is vitally important to thoroughly cover the issue of public and cultural negotiations and communications. Careful precautions must be taken from the very start of planning the project, to ensure that everyones opinion is heard and concern answered. Both governmental and private corporations employ teams of people to guarantee that community engagement is correctly achieved. 4.2 Cultural Heritage Overview A primary concern is that of cultural heritage, specifically towards indigenous peoples. Under that heritage protection act, engineering firms must take care that they do not damage or disturb any landscape that could be considered of indigenous importance. Indigenous Australians make up for about 2.7 percent of the population (77.4% aboriginal and 22.6% Torres Strait islanders) [10]. Land and sea are very important to their cultures and connectivity to country is central to peoples lives. Legislation requires companies to engage with Aboriginal and Torres Strait islanders on indigenous cultural heritage matters. When engaging with indigenous Australians, it is important to plan a communiquà © before addressing the community. Past experiences with public officials has left many indigenous communities with a sense of frustration and powerlessness. As a result certain communities may not want be supportive and or cooperate with the company. The main steps in planning and engagement activity are imperative. Theses steps include, researching and knowing about the community, understanding its history and acknowledging their diversity and connection to land and sea. 4.3 Construction and Development During the development and construction stage of the high-rise it is essential to make certain that no elements of indigenous importance are damaged. This is achieved by taking several precautionary measures. As Indigenous peoples have a right to oversee the project, a monitor, whose primary concern is recognizing and evaluating artifacts of importance must be hired. Indigenous Monitors have the authority to postpone and hold up projects for extended periods of time, until the landscape can be deemed safe to build on [11]. Another measure which must be taken under the Heritage Protection Act is notifying the Contractor that he or she shall be responsible for the management of indigenous cultural heritage artifacts while construction is underway. It is also the Contractors duties to ensure that all staff related to the project has attended a Cultural Heritage Induction Course. 4.4 Social/Community Issues As well as being considerate to Indigenous peoples it is equally important to be considerate towards the general public. Before Building a High-Rise building it is the companies responsibility to notify the public that construction is going to be underway. This can be achieved using tools such as; flyers, TV advertisements, letterbox drop/direct mail and or website information. After the public has been properly alerted, they have the option to notify their city council about any concerns or complaints that they might have regarding the project. 4.5 Conclusion Before commencing any construction project it is vital to deliver all necessary information to the key stakeholders and if possible gather their support. Adequate planning and preparation must be done before the project initiates and planning must be relevant to the community which is to be engaged. Care must also be taken to guarantee not to damage or violate any potential places of importance regarding indigenous Australians, during construction. 5.0 Ethical Limitations to High-Rise Buildings 5.1 Introduction With todays population only ever increasing the trend is to build upward. Throughout the planning and construction stages of high-rise buildings there are many limitations that affect the end products in which we see today. One of these limitations is the ethical issues involving high-rise building which revolve around the safety, the environment and the community. These issues must be carefully thought about and investigated before the building can begin. 5.2 Community A limiting factor in the production of high-rises can often be the community. When plans go into council, the community also gets a say. Allowing the community to get a say in what goes ahead and what doesnt can bring about large restrictions to high-rise buildings. Some issues that limit high-rise buildings, due to the community may include the use of the building and the look of the building. These two issues can become entwined in a communities decision making process, where depending on the ethical view point expressed by the community as a whole, these viewpoints include, Kantianism, Utilitarianism, human rights, environmental ethical. A community might take a utilitarianism point of view when approving a high-rise if the building does not fit the council guidelines although brings about beneficial use to the community. Some council departments have put in place restrictions on buildings to stop them being built past a certain height in order to keep a community in a certain man ner. As stated in the Byron Environmental Planning and Assessment act 1979, Byron Local Environment plan 1988, [12] The council must not consent to the erection of any building if the floor of the topmost floor level of the building exceeds 7.5 metres above the existing ground level, or, the vertical distance between the topmost part of the building and the existing ground level below exceeds 11.5 metres. This shows that Council departments have 5.3 Environmental Issues When considering high-rise buildings the effects that the high-rise would have on the environment must be thoroughly investigated, as it would have limitations as to how high the building can go. The waste produced by the building as a day to day product will impact greatly on the environment. The higher the building is generally means the more people it can accommodate for, although with the number of people that would use the building rising, so does the waste they produce. With things such as rubbish and sewage it is important that there is adequate systems in place, where the building is going to be located that are able to deal with these issues. Such as that the sewers will be able to accommodate for the amount of sewage that is produced. Due to the amount of people that would use a high-rise building there is a lot of energy needed to keep the building running. This impacts on the environment as with the creation of energy comes the creation of green house gasses and the waste produced in making the energy. With the trend to build upward increasing, there are various strategies being invented and put into action to accommodate for the need for energy, these strategies are to limit the amount of environmental impact a building would have, there for allowing buildings to be built higher and higher. Studies have shown that through using energy conserving measures on a 20 story building can cut its energy consumption down to less than half its original usage. The issue with using these measures is that they often require some investment throughout the building stages, as materials can often cost more and take longer install, although in the long run would save owners and occupants of the building a lot of money. Taking a Utilitarianism view on this would allow the energy conserving measures to be put in place throughout construction, knowing that it would cost more but work out better in the end (end justifies the means). Where as Kantianism ethical views wo uld possibly not put them in place as it would cost more throughout the building stages (means justifies the end). Plans are currently underway for extreme energy conservation measures in high-rise buildings, with a revolving tower planned to be built in Dubai see fig 5.31. This tower, powered by wind turbines, can not only generate enough energy to power itself but can also generate enough energy to power 10 other buildings similarly sized [13]. With such engineering advancements, in the future limits to high-rises caused by environmental ethical issues will be decreased. Although Personal ethical views often clash with environmental views, such as Energy generating high-rises versus wildlife reserve. Fig 5.31 A computer generated image of the towers ability to physically move 5.4 Congestion Issues One of the issues limiting high-rise buildings is congestion caused by the building. Most high-rises are planned to be built in already congested areas so whilst they are being built issues of space can impact on the construction of the building. As various cranes and machinery is necessary to construct them there must be adequate space to cater for such things. It is important that through the construction of high-rises that the effect on the public is kept to a minimum. Congestion can also be an issue once the building has been built such that various amounts of people may be trying to access the building, bringing in large amounts of traffic on the street. When the building is being designed it is necessary to make sure that building has adequate parking options to make sure it can accommodate for the influx of traffic that it would bring. There are also congestion problems with the amount of people that are around the building on a daily basis, footpaths and public transport must be able to accommodate for the influx of people on the already existing foot traffic. These issues must be accommodated for before the building is built and can often cause high-rises to be limited to how high they go, in certain areas. 5.5 Safety Issues Safety can limit high-rise buildings throughout both the construction stages and once again when the building has been built. The safety of workers is highly important when building such large building and can also limit the height of the building. If something cannot be done safely then it should not be done. All workers have the right to refuse a job if they think its unsafe, this comes under the basic human rights ethic. When working with heights the risk level rises immensely, and all aspects need to be looked at to ensure the safety of both the works and the public around the construction site. Safety is a big concern in high rise building, when they are being designed they need to be designed to withstand various natural disasters, such as earthquakes, storms and floods. It is necessary to design a building to withstand or minimally destruct through these disasters. Even if doing so means that they are limited to how high they can stand. Because it is impossible to make high-ri se buildings invincible, through the design process buildings are designed to keep their destruction to a minimal in the event of a disaster, this takes a Utilitarianism view, where actions are to be judged right or wrong solely on the virtue of their consequences, it would be better for a building get damaged in a disaster with human injury kept to a minimum. In 1978 shortly after construction the structural engineer behind the Citicorp building discovered a fatal floor in its design, realising that the building was vastly unsafe [14]. Whilst reviewing the design of the building in order to design one similar. This fatal floor was that the original butt weld designs used for the joints on the wind bracing system were replaced with a bolt design due to economic reason. After reviewing the forces that the joints were designed to withstand it was evident that they were only deigned to withstand a 16 year storm, whereas it was an understanding that the building was able to withstand a 50 year storm. William Le Messurier, of Cambridge, Mass., was lauded for his ethical conduct, as he proceeded to notify the architect, his client and the building owner that a remedial scheme must be undertaken immediately before the risk of high winds in the fall hurricane season in New York City. A solution was found and the building was brought up to scratch. See figure 5.51, it is evident that if this issue was not dealt with then if the building came down then it would have caused massive death and destruction. This shows good ethical decision making and a utilitarianism point of view. Safety often limits high-rise buildings, if correct ethical guidelines are not followed throughout the design and construction then it can often result in death and destruction. Fig 5.51 City Corp Building Circled in Red 5.6 Conclusion In conclusion it is evident that there are many Ethical issues limiting the construction of high-rise buildings. These issues can come from a range of reasons such as the community, environment, congestion and safety. It is through good ethical principles used by Engineers in todays society that these issues can be overcome and accommodated for in order to brake the boundarys that are holding our high-rises down, whilst still keeping everyone happy. 6.0 Economical issues associated with high rise buildings 6.1 Introduction High rise buildings are typically commercial, or residential. When building a high-rise building there are certain economical issues that arise, such issues are, Business, Financial, Health and Political just to name a few, this can be described as economic imperialism. 6.2 Business Economics Business economics, is closely linked to the economy, for a high-rise building to be made the business would be looking into making it in a city area rather than making one in a rural area, this is because not many people live in a rural area and getting jobs filled for the business can hinder the business growth of a high-rise. High-rise buildings are a standout and might be targeted by terrorists. A huge building being destroyed could have a major impact on the local business economy for example The World Trade Centre was a target for a terrorist attack. Another business factor into building a residential high-rise (apartments) would be the amount of people seeking accommodation [15]. The business economy relies on people consuming the product whether it be insurance or accommodation etc. Therefore this means building a high-rise building will create allot of jobs and boost the local economy a bit, if the product that is being sold is not in demand i.e. The high-rise is an accommod ation hotel built in a rural area with little visitors. The Business will lose money and eventually go bust. Therefore the business limits of the size of the high-rise are limited by the economy. 6.3 Financial Economics Financial economics is the allocation and deployment of economic resources, both spatially and across time, in an uncertain environment [16]. What this means is the way the resources of a company are spent to increase business is always a risk and the financial decisions made will have an affect over time on a business. The need to spend money to make money. For some companies that are investing in the future look into building a high-rise as a financial risk. Finance is the biggest limiting factor when building as high-rise out of all economical factors. This is because high-rise buildings cost allot of money to build, and once built allot of money to maintain. FMV(future monetary value), the nominal future sum of money that a given sum of money is worth at a specified time in the future assuming a certain interest rate, or more generally, rate of return, it is the present value multiplied by the accumulation function. Knowledge of the future can reduce, or possibly eliminate, the u ncertainty of FMV. When building a high-rise they cost a lot of money to a business and are generally a risk that is made to increase asset value, knowledge of the future will decrease the risk associated with building a high-rise. One such knowledge is the height of the high-rise. Another financial burden is safety, and implementing safety in a high-rise building can be very costly, and the cost to maintain safety is costly. With safety comes the cost of security to prevent such things like attacks. Security/safety can have a direct impact on the financial future as they are an ongoing cost. 6.4 Health Economics Health economics is a branch of economics concerned with issues related to scarcity in allocation of health and health care. In broad terms, health economists study the functioning of the health care system and the private and social causes of health-affecting behaviours such as smoking. Health economics is mostly concerned with ethics, it is not ethical to have no health/safety at a high-rise. Health can limit high-rises by a fair bit, as it financially costs money to maintain the health of the employees/patrons. When building a high-rise it is very dangerous and many safety precautions must be implemented. People can die when building a high-rise, ethically this can have a big impact of the building of the high-rise if one worker was to be killed on the work site [17]. Health also requires a safe work environment for the employees, therefore a fire safety and other measures such as security need to be implemented, and these have a direct impact on the future income of the high-rise . Disability measures must be taking for disable people, this means elevators and/or alternative steps etc. Lastly a big cost is toilet facilities, the cost to maintain and to implement toilet facilities is a very costly process and one of the top costs this therefore limits high-rise buildings due to financial costs. 6.5 Political Economics Public choice in economic theory is the use of modern economic tools to study problems that are tradictionally in the province of political science. From the perspective of political science, it may be seen as the subset of positive political theory which deals with subjects in which material interests are assumed to predonminte. Basically this means that political economy is mainly concerned with the behaviour of politicians and government officials. To build a high-rise it first must be approved by officials, then the height of the building may be limited by the officials to. A high-rise is a generally a very tall building and if the local

Girl with a Pearl Earring Essay

In the novel Girl With A Pearl Earring by Tracy Chevalier, Griet faces many challenges which causes her identity to change. Though Griet starts out as an innocent maid who has to follow orders, she starts developing her own opinion and the ability to make decisions. Griet changes from an household servant to having the courage to share her opinion to a mature lady, capable of making her own decisions. Many factors contribute to the change in Griet’s identity, but the main factor is Vermeer, her master. At first, Griet is viewed as an innocent girl, who is compelled to work as an maid due to her father’s incapability to provide for her family. She does not want to leave her family and go to an unknown place, but she has to; in order to fulfill her family’s needs’. This is evident when Griet says to her sister, Agnes, â€Å" ‘You know I don’t want to leave. I have to’†(7). When she arrives at the Vermeer household, she is viewed as a helper with the household chores, and a girl who must follow her master’s orders’. Later on, she starts to consider the Vermeer household as her own family. ’I have two families now, and they must not mix’†(53). This quote demonstrates the fact that Griet is adapting to her environment, and that she has started considering them as her family. This illustrates a change in her identity, as she has changed from a compelled and scared young girl to a maid, capable of adapting to a new environment. Throughout the course of the novel, Griet starts developing her own opinion along with the courage to speak her opinion. At first, she just went along with what she was told: â€Å" ‘But he was my master. I was meant to so as he said’†(57). This demonstrates the fact that Griet completes tasks without thinking. Even if she wants to say something, she doesn’t, because she gives her opinion no importance. Griet always had the ability to recognize Vermeer’s paintings’ strengths and weaknesses, but she didn’t have the courage to say it. This changes, due to Vermeer, who forces Griet to give her opinion. â€Å" ‘It is a better painting now’†(64). This supports Griet’s change in identity, form being too scared to speaking her mind to having the courage to give her opinion to her master. Near the end, Griet’s identity has gone through the process of a young maid to a mature lady. At first, Griet’s opinion held no importance. She does not have a say in anything. This is evident when she says, â€Å" ‘ What would I think, madam? ’†(157). Griet has certainly developed an opinion, but not the courage to speak it in front of others. She is aware of her status as a maid. This changes throughout the course of the novel. Griet does develop the courage to take the decision of her life as well as carry it out. â€Å" ‘I did not pick up the knife. I turned and walked from the room’†(215). This quote illustrates Griet’s ability to make and carry out decisions. She is not going to tolerate any wrong accusations, and she has learned to take a stand for herself. This change occurs due to Vermeer and his art. Somewhere in between, Griet realizes that she has had enough, and she’s not going to let anyone come and accuse her of doing something she didn’t do. Vermeer and his paintings made Griet feel that she does hold importance, and no one has the right to accuse her wrongfully. Therefore, Griet’s identity undergoes a lot of changes throughout the novel. First, she is maid who is duty- bound to work in an unknown place due to her family’s needs’. As the book continues, she starts developing her opinion as well as the ability to say it. In the end, she is a mature lady with the capability to decide for herself. All of the changes are due to Vermeer. He was the one who accepted her and allowed her to give her opinion, and he was also the one who rejected her by silently standing there while Griet was being wrongfully accused.